![]() Los Alamos's Thin Man and Fat Man code names were adopted by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). The Little Boy uranium gun-type design came later and was named only to contrast with the Thin Man. Little Boy came last as a variation of Thin Man. The Fat Man was round and fat and was named after Sydney Greenstreet's character in Hammett's The Maltese Falcon. He chose them based on their design shapes the Thin Man was a very long device, and the name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel The Thin Man and series of movies. ![]() These code names were created by Robert Serber, a former student of Oppenheimer's who worked on the Manhattan Project. The gun-type and implosion-type designs were codenamed " Thin Man" and "Fat Man", respectively. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could be easily adapted from it. Nonetheless, it was decided that the plutonium gun would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least uncertainty involved. Implosion-type bombs were determined to be significantly more efficient in terms of explosive yield per unit mass of fissile material in the bomb, because compressed fissile materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely. Oppenheimer reviewed his options in early 1943 and gave priority to the gun-type weapon, but he created the E-5 Group at the Los Alamos Laboratory under Seth Neddermeyer to investigate implosion as a hedge against the threat of pre-detonation. The committee concluded that any problems could be overcome simply by requiring higher purity. Groves Jr., who in turn assembled a special committee consisting of Lawrence, Compton, Oppenheimer, and McMillan to examine the issue. Conant informed Manhattan Project director Brigadier General Leslie R. Conant consulted Ernest Lawrence and Arthur Compton, who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago, respectively, knew about the problem, but they could offer no ready solution. Wallace Akers, the director of the British " Tube Alloys" project, told James Bryant Conant on 14 November that James Chadwick had "concluded that plutonium might not be a practical fissionable material for weapons because of impurities". The feasibility of a plutonium bomb was questioned in 1942. Tolman suggested an implosion-type nuclear weapon, but the proposal attracted little interest. They chose a gun-type design in which two sub-critical masses would be brought together by firing a "bullet" into a "target". Robert Oppenheimer held conferences in Chicago in June 1942, prior to the Army taking over wartime atomic research, and in Berkeley, California, in July, at which various engineers and physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues. Two more were detonated during the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in 1946, and some 120 were produced between 19, when it was superseded by the Mark 4 nuclear bomb. The first of that type to be detonated was the Gadget in the Trinity nuclear test less than a month earlier on 16 July at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range in New Mexico. Fat Man was an implosion-type nuclear weapon with a solid plutonium core. The name Fat Man refers to the early design of the bomb because it had a wide, round shape. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site, and was dropped from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar piloted by Major Charles Sweeney. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation marked the third nuclear explosion in history. " Fat Man" (also known as Mark III) was the codename for the type of nuclear weapon the United States detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki on 9 August 1945.
0 Comments
![]() ![]() DT5220 liked DIY Simple Arduino Based Solenoid Winding Mahcine.jcv09 liked Open Source Science Tricorder.jcv09 liked ramanPi - Raman Spectrometer.jcv09 liked FarmBot - Open-Source CNC Farming.jcv09 liked Raspberry Pi SDR Cyberdeck.reg on $30 Guitar Build Shows What You Can Do With Amazon Parts.irox on Mega-CNC Router Carves Styrofoam Into A Full-Size Flying Delorean.If you are missing the option to install the Netflix app. Type Netflix in the Search bar and tap the Search button. SayWhat? on How Do You Test If An EEPROM Can Hold Data For 100 Years? To connect your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch to your Netflix account, start from the home screen and follow the steps below.Drone on UK’s JET Tokamak Retires After 40 Years And 105,842 Pulses.Joel on UK’s JET Tokamak Retires After 40 Years And 105,842 Pulses.Joshua on Infrared Following Robot Built As Proof-of-Concept For Autonomous Luggage.Paul on Infrared Following Robot Built As Proof-of-Concept For Autonomous Luggage.crispernaki on Open Source DC UPS Keeps The Low-Voltage Gear Going.make piece not war on Mega-CNC Router Carves Styrofoam Into A Full-Size Flying Delorean.Jonathan Bennett on FLOSS Weekly Episode 762: Spilling The Tea.Posted in digital audio hacks, ipod hacks Tagged ipod, micro sd, Rockbox Post navigationįLOSS Weekly Episode 762: Spilling The Tea 8 Comments If you really want to look back though, take a gander at the early prototype of Apple’s breakout MP3 player. It’s wonderful to see that the platform still has such great support years after it has been discontinued. project goes to show that modifying an iPod these days can be a fun weekend build thanks to the great software and hardware now available. Perhaps best of all, it can play DOOM! Alternatively, you can use the clickwheel to control the volume on your MacBook if you so desire. She then installed the open source Rockbox firmware, which opens up the capabilities of the hardware immensely. ![]() A new battery was then subbed in, along with a fancy clear front casing for the aesthetic charm of it all.Īfter the hardware modifications were complete, the iPod needed to be restored with iTunes to start working again. With two 512 GB cards installed, won’t be short of storage. Once opened, an iFlash Quad board was installed inside that lets the iPod use up to four micro SD cards for storage instead of the original hard disk drive. Careful hands and a spudger are key to avoid marring the pressed-together metal case. used the ever-helpful iFixit guide to learn how to disassemble the device safely. The iPod in question was a 5.5th generation model, prized for being the last to feature the Wolfson DAC with its good audio quality. had an iPod Video laying around, one of the more capable models that came out near the end of the product’s run, and set out upgrading it for duty in the pandemic-wracked badlands of 2022. The classic iPod was the MP3 player to beat back in the day, loaded with storage and with its characteristic click-wheel interface. Recognition of autoantigens by T cells with self-reactive TCRs can result in tissue-specific damage of systemic autoimmune diseases ( Seiringer et al., 2022). T cells and their receptors are crucial in autoimmunity. Once naïve T cells encounter the peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) presented by an APC, these T cells will start to undergo clonal expansion while retaining the initial TCR sequence ( Huang et al., 2019). The diversity of the αβ TCR from the unique pairing of various gene segments or loci generates on the order of 10 18 or more possible combinations ( Murphy and Weaver, 2022). The rearrangement leads to a vast diversity of TCR repertoires capable of recognizing almost any peptide presented by MHC molecules ( Mitchell and Michels, 2020). This process helps to ensure that only mature T cells respond to foreign antigens exclusively are allowed to survive and develop ( Schatz and Ji, 2011). The mature T cells undergo positive and negative selection, in which they are presented with self-antigens from the thymus for affinity selection to prevent autoreactive TCR repertoires. The gene rearrangement of a TCR involves the selection of immature T cells in the thymus maturing to become functional T cells that recognize foreign molecules and respond to them appropriately. TCR development in the thymus is critical for development of a functional immune system. The gene segment organization of the TCRγ and TCRδ chains is similar to that of the αβ TCR. The α chain is made up of the variable (V), joining (J) and constant (C) segments, and the β chain contains the V, D (diversity), J, and C segments. TCRs are heterodimeric membrane proteins that are composed of two chains, αβ or γδ. T cell function is initiated by recognition of a peptide antigen in a specific interaction via the T cell receptor (TCR) in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC). Furthermore, discussed here are bioinformatic tools that can be applied to study the structural biology of peptide/TCR/MHC (major histocompatibility complex) and predict antigenic epitopes using advanced artificial intelligence tools. This review provides an overview of the application and development of bulk RNA-seq and single-cell (SC) RNA-seq to examine the TCR repertoires. With the development of RNA technology, transcriptomic data must provide valuable information to model and predict TCR and antigen interaction and, more importantly, identify or predict neoantigens. RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) is a valuable tool for studying TCR repertoires by providing a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the RNA transcripts. Understanding the specific TCR involved in this process can provide insights into the autoimmune process. The recognition of autologous peptides by adaptive immunity may lead to the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Identifiers URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-23195 DOI: 10.1182/blood-55 PubMedID: 12946997 OAI: oai:DiVA.T cell receptors (TCR) play a vital role in the immune system’s ability to recognize and respond to foreign antigens, relying on the highly polymorphic rearrangement of TCR genes. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages2003. In some cases the leukemic progenitor cell might arise earlier in lineage before DHJH recombination but retain the capacity to further differentiate into cells capable of altering the pattern of Ig and/or TCR rearrangements. MRD detection should include multiple gene targets to minimize false-negative samples or include also multicolor flow cytometry. Alteration of these clonal gene rearrangements is a common feature in childhood ALL. Using primers designed from the novel relapse sequences, the relapse clone could be identified as subdominant clones in the diagnostic sample in 8 of 14 patients. ![]() In 20% only new sequences were found at relapse. In 24%, one original sequence was preserved but the other lost, and in 14% the original sequences were conserved with new sequences identified at relapse. In 42%, all original Ig and/or TCR sequences were conserved. We analyzed the sequences of Ig and TCR gene rearrangements obtained at presentation and relapse in 41 children with ALL to study clonal stability, which has important implications for monitoring MRD, during the course of the disease. Immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements provide clonal markers useful for diagnosis and measurement of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). 4520-4526 Article in journal (Refereed) Published Abstract ![]() And in 1732 he inaugurated his famous Poor Richard's Almanack with a hoax predicting the death of rival almanac publisher Titan Leeds.įranklin perpetrated his most famous fraud in 1747. ![]() At age 17, in order to land a job in Philadelphia, Franklin faked his credentials as a journeyman printer. At age 16, prohibited by his youth and indentured status from writing newspaper articles, he began submitting them under the pseudonym "Silence Dogood," a fictitious middle-aged widow. More incriminating than any of these details is Franklin's long, well-documented record as a hoaxer. This cuts no ice with Tucker, though, since William-no scientist-was a well-known scalawag. If so, why would Franklin have waited four months to report so momentous an event? Unlike Franklin, Priestly names a witness: Franklin's son, William. Tucker likewise is suspicious of an account penned 14 years later by Franklin's disciple Joseph Priestley, who, though he wasn't present at the experiment, says it took place in June. ") seems out of character for someone renowned for forceful writing. The indirect phrasing ("The kite is to be raised. In fact, Franklin never explicitly says that it was he himself who performed the experiment. He gives no location, no exact time or date. 19, 1752 Pennsylvania Gazette-he omits many details. But in his account of the kite experiment-a brief article that ran in the Oct. Elsewhere in his published work Franklin shows himself to be a master of precise expression. Then there's Franklin's choice of language. If lightning did strike the kite, as Franklin says, the experimenter would almost certainly have been electrocuted. Even if that could be done, gravity would cause water to flow down the kite string onto the silk cord, ruining its insulating power. Were silk handkerchiefs of 1752 big enough for such a kite? Could the kite lift a brass key weighing a quarter of a pound, which Tucker says was typical of the day? Franklin recommends that the kite flyer stand "under some cover, so that the silk riband may not be wet." Tucker argues it's awfully tough to fly a kite from inside a shelter. Rather than being dissipated into the earth, the electrical charge stays in the key, which throws off sparks when approached, say, by the experimenter's finger. To the end of the string is tied a metal key, and to the key is attached a silk (nonconductive) cord, which the experimenter holds. This wire draws down "electrical fire" from the clouds, the charge being conducted earthward along the kite's rain-soaked string. From the kite's wooden frame there protrudes a metal wire. In Franklin's own account of his experiment (published in 1752), a kite fashioned from a silk handkerchief is set aloft in a storm. In Bolt of Fate: Benjamin Franklin and His Electric Kite Hoax (Public Affairs, $25), author Tom Tucker audaciously argues that one of history's most celebrated scientific experiments was a fiction. Few, though, know that he was also a prolific prankster. Most Americans know the highlights of this polymath's life. Benjamin Franklin: statesman, author, postmaster, inventor of the bifocal, the lending library and the Franklin stove. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |